Exposition is background information that helps readers understand a story. It can include information about the location, character backstories, and historical context. Exposition can enrich the narrative by gradually revealing the details that shape the unfolding drama, making the story’s events resonate with readers on a deeper level.
Types of exposition
Direct exposition
Direct exposition is simply providing information to the reader. This can be achieved through narration or character dialogue, so that it is clear and easy for readers to understand.
In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen directly tells readers about Mr Bingley’s wealth and status when he moves to the area.
Indirect exposition
Indirect exposition reveals information more subtly through actions, dialogues, or settings, requiring readers to infer details.
In Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, J.K. Rowling reveals the magical world’s rules and history through Harry’s experiences and interactions.
Methods of delivering exposition
Narration
Many authors use narration at the start of a story to provide exposition, ensuring that you are up to speed on the crucial elements before the plot begins.
The opening of The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien provides key information about hobbits and their lifestyles.
Dialogue
Characters engage in conversations where they discuss past events, historical context, or other relevant details that help fill in the gaps for the reader. Through their dialogue, you can get a sense of the backstory, the relationships between characters, and the world they inhabit, all of which enriches our understanding of the unfolding narrative.
In To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout and Atticus’s conversations reveal much about the town’s social dynamics.
Inner thoughts
The character’s internal monologue can offer insights into their past and motivations.
In 1984, George Orwell uses Winston’s thoughts to explain the dystopian society.
Visuals and setting
The writer’s description of the world, from the flora to the fauna, and the general environment, can subtly convey background information.
The detailed descriptions of Middle-earth in The Lord of the Rings give readers a rich understanding of the world.
Balancing Exposition
There are many ways to balance exposition, including:
- Avoid info-dumping by spreading out the exposition throughout the story.
- Integrate exposition naturally into the plot and dialogue.
- Use subtext and show rather than tell whenever possible.
Exposition in Different Genres
Mystery
Writers may reveal clues and background through character investigation and dialogue.
In Sherlock Holmes, Doyle uses Watson’s perspective to unfold the details of each case.
Fantasy
Builds intricate worlds with unique rules, often needing more exposition.
The Name of the Wind by Patrick Rothfuss blends exposition into the protagonist’s recounting of his past.
Sci-Fi
Explains futuristic technology and settings, balancing technical details with plot.
Dune by Frank Herbert weaves in the history and politics of its universe through character interactions.
